Recasting the Role of the Ceo Essay

In the case study, â€Å"Recasting the Role of the CEO†, Vineet Nayar, Nayar used messaging to communicate to his employees while focusing the organization’s efforts on creativity and innovation, that address change and the adaptive challenge. He was responsible for preparing the firm, its members, and stakeholders for the future by fostering innovation and creativity through effective messaging. He was able to accomplish this by implementing a portal for the employees called â€Å"MyBlueprint†, and also my merging with a company called AXON. Different Ways Messaging Was Used  Instead of holding a live Blueprint meeting, HCL decided to have all three hundred of their managers record their business plans, which would then be posted on the MyBlueprint portal. Once all of the business plans were posted, they’d be open for review by another eight thousand HCL managers. The idea was to transform the planning process into a peer-to-peer review rather than a top-down judgment. (Nayar, 2010). After reviewing a few recordings, Nayar noticed the plans improved and were more efficient because the managers knew they would be reviewed by a larger number of people than in previous years. The managers were more honest in their assessment of current challenges and opportunities, and they talked more about the actions they would take to accomplish certain goals, as opposed to, what they hoped to accomplish. (Nayar, 2010). This internal messaging of the MyBlueprint portal had a huge impact on the future and innovation of HCL, because it allowed for employees to help each other and point their colleagues toward a recording that might be useful to them. Many of the employees within departments were able to discuss their futures with a better understanding of what’s required of them, and it allowed for the managers to make new connections with one another. Comments were posted about strategies being used, and that provided the managers with new perspectives and ideas. When new employees were hired, they had a place they could go to learn what the team was trying to accomplish and why. (Nayar, 2010). Everyone at HCL felt they were a part of the thinking and planning process. When HCL merged with Axon, Nayar used the concept of sharing responsibilities with the employees and business units in this merger. Nayar understood that acquiring AXON was going to strengthen HCL and help them to grow faster, because they were the largest and most successful independent SAP consulting company. Nayar didn’t force AXON to integrate into HCL’s organization, because he was well aware of HCL’s weaknesses so he only merged HCL’s SAP organization into AXON. (Nayar, 2010). By doing so, this allowed for HCL AXON to become extremely successful and the company experienced a great deal of growth in nine months. After seeing the positive results and advantages of the merger, the HCL AXON leadership team ended up running many other parts of HCL. Also, since Nayar continued to use the â€Å"Employees First, Customer’s Second† approach with this merger, they were able to acquire four more successful acquisitions in that year alone. (Nayar, 2010). External messaging was used by proposing this acquisition deal with AXON to plan for a better future for both companies. This allowed for AXON to leverage HCLT’s brand, customers, solutions, and innovations amongst other things. Effectiveness of Internal and External Communication When the company decided to have the managers record their business plans, it enhanced innovation and creativity on all levels. It gave the managers an opportunity to really analyze the challenges they faced on their teams, and to come up with realistic solutions as to how they’re going to solve them. It also gave them the opportunity to come up with realistic goals and solutions for their teams. The flood gates of creativity opened due to the recorded plans, because everyone had the opportunity to view them, so it llowed for different insights on strategies that were currently being used, and opinions on new strategies that could possibly be beneficial to the teams. â€Å"By involving the employees and giving them more power, choice, and information, they begin to believe that they can influence different situations and their outcomes. † (Hickman, 2010). The messaging was also very affective with the HCL AXON merger because HCL was successful before they acquired AXON, but once they merged, that made HCL’s brand stronger and allowed for innovation. The HCL AXON leadership team was so effective; they took charge of running many other parts of HCLT businesses after nine months of the acquisition. The merger generated such powerful results that four more successful acquisitions were completed in that same year. Effectiveness in Using Messaging to Prepare the Firm, its Members, and Stakeholders for the future Nayar was very effective in using messaging to prepare the firm, its members, and stakeholders for the future. The internal and external messaging was very affective for HCL in both cases. It proved that when a CEO focuses less on governing and more on enabling, the executive can accomplish much that might otherwise have been too risky to undertake. (Nayar, 2010). When the managers at HCL were required to post their business plans on the MyBlueprint portal, this was a form of workshop that allowed for all of HCL’s employees to be involved in, and discuss challenges and solutions that can be put into action. This also created a deeper understanding of each teams projects/tasks and how they fit into the overall objective of the organization. The managers now feel as though they have a sense of direction and they have the support of management as well as their peers. By using this form of messaging, it encourages the employees to communicate with their team members. Nayar was also effective with external messaging in reference to acquiring AXON. By acquiring the largest, most successful independent SAP consulting company in the world, this strengthened HCL and it allowed for them to grow. This acquisition prepared their employees, customers and stakeholders for the growth opportunities that were about to take place, whether it was internally or externally. Conclusion: Nayar had a responsibility to prepare his firm, its members, and stakeholders for the future. He was successful at this by fostering innovation and creativity through effective internal and external messaging. He found a way to communicate to the employees through a portal called â€Å"MyBlueprint†, which promoted innovation and creativity through an abundance of feedback from the organization. And he acquired a company called AXON which propelled HCL’s brand to new heights, and allowed for lots a growth and new business.

Fleur Adcock: Analysis of Instead of an Interview Essay

‘Instead of an Interview’ by Fleur Adcock, is a poem essentially about the divided sense of identity she has inherited: from both family (or historical) emigrant experience and personal deportation. In the poem, the issue is complicated, as Adcock explores the loss and alienation that emerges from the choice of long-term separation from family. It begins with descriptive visual imagery, where Adcock attempts to familiarise herself with the childhood images of â€Å"The hills†, â€Å"water, the clean air†, and â€Å"a river or two†, â€Å"certain bays†, and â€Å"those various and incredible hills†. The description almost seems like a ramble, which evokes a fresh and exciting experience. Although we learn later on in this poem that she addresses England as her â€Å"home†, this stanza largely bears feelings of nostalgia. The â€Å"ah† in the last line of the stanza re-emphasises her expression of relief, relaxation and comfort, after her first visit back to New Zealand after 13 years. Through this poem, Adcock offers â€Å"snapshots† of her family’s past, and the struggles of family, marriage, and life. In the second stanza, we see Fleur warming up to the familiarity of New Zealand – the â€Å"streets I could follow blind†, and other â€Å"familiar settings†. There seems to be a sense of distress, as Fleur is engaging in parts of her past that she has tried to forget about. Coming back to her birthplace appears to be more overwhelming, than comforting. It seems like she had gone away because she hadn’t like it enough to stay. Whether good or bad, â€Å"the dreams (she’d) not bothered to remember† kept creeping back automatically as she passed â€Å"familiar settings†. She further relates this attachment with the atmosphere of the country: â€Å"ingrained; ingrown; incestuous: like the country. The elaborated vowel sounds enhance the warmth of the stanza, drawing the reader closer to Adock’s personal feelings. The semicolons serve as caesuras, creating dramatic pauses for emphasis. The slightly grotesque terms – â€Å"ingrained†, â€Å"ingrown†, â€Å"incestuous† – are used to emphasise the vividness of her hometown memories, as if they were carved into her thoughts. The three adjectives and the caesuras have a rapid flow, which then shifts to a lingering rhythm with â€Å"like the country†, composed of three words. This sudden change in rhythm brings about a grand atmosphere or aura, especially ue to the end-stopped line, since this breaks the flow and changes to a new stanza. The use of â€Å"country† enhances this importance – her memories and country complement one another, emphasising the size and enormity of these â€Å"ingrained†, â€Å"ingrown†, and â€Å"incestuous† memories. Another significant and extremely personal connection mentioned in this stanza is, â€Å"my Thorndon† – Thorndon being the capital city of New Zealand. The personal pronoun â€Å"my† emphasises a sense of belonging and possession, as though she wants to point out that this country is a significant part of her childhood. In the third stanza, Fleur is genuine to mention all the wonderful things ‘another city’ in New Zealand offered to her: â€Å"a lover†, â€Å"quite enough friends†, in terms of relationships. Her use of caesuras is evident once again in the third line: â€Å"bookshops; galleries; fish in the sea†. She is heightening the reader’s interest with her clever use of punctuation, once again emphasising the different and essential memories of her country. The reader is able to identify from this line Fleur’s many areas of interest. She seems to enjoy the company of nature – natural imagery is abundant in this particular stanza. The â€Å"gardens†, â€Å"fish in the sea†, â€Å"lemons and passionfruit† signify her love for nature. It is evident that these authentic memories are destroyed due to urbanisation; as she mentions in the earlier stanza – â€Å"half my Thorndon smashed for the motorway†. The trees and gardens were ruined over the years and replaced by synthetic and unnatural materials. Hence, her sense of possession has strengthened, with whatever piece of nature and memory that remains. ‘Instead of an Interview’ exposes Adcock’s sense of an identity split between New Zealand and Britain. This alternating change in culture evidently created confusion with Adcock identifying herself. Adcock explained to her niece, â€Å"home is London; and England, Ireland, Europe. â€Å"Perhaps she is entirely attached (maybe temporarily) to the British culture, since she has practically lived there her whole adult and professional life. After visiting her birth town, all the childhood memories came flooding in; perhaps she resisted them because she is still so confused about where she really belongs. The idea of ‘home’ being a â€Å"loaded word† re-emphasises her befuddled state of being. Adding to that, the poem ends with a question ark: â€Å"have I made myself for the first time an exile? † This use of punctuation leaves the reader puzzled, with plenty of questions, because the speaker herself is unsure about her identity. For the first time, Fleur feels she has made herself an â€Å"exile†, which is the state of being expelled from one’s native country. This is a serious dilemma and seems as though she wrote this poem in a slightly sentimental hangover from having visited New Zealand after 13 years. What is misleading is that the poem comes across as Adcock’s way of saying she does not like to talk or be interviewed but rather to show her emotions through her poems.

Educational Purpose Essay

Since childhood, I have always wanted to be an educator. This is because I have always considered education as an essential need. It is certainly because education makes one civilized. It is also through education that the potential of one person is maximized. Significantly, it is the way by which one gains knowledge which is very useful in everyday life. Education is also the means which will make it possible for individuals to achieve his or her dreams. In addition, education is necessary in order to mould one to discern what is right from wrong. Hence, education is one of the most important factors for people to exist in a peaceful and civilized society. Additionally, as widely recognized, being a teacher is the noblest profession. It is not only because teachers educate but also because they are considered as the second parent of the students. Hence, it is not only the intellectual aspect that teacher develops but also the emotional and psychological aspect of the student. Teachers are necessary in forming better persons in the society. Notably, in all these endeavors, the teacher does not merely exert effort and time but also extends care, concern, and love to his or her students. It is for these zealous purposes that I longed to be an educator. In the educational system today, many problems can be observed. The most common and old probably is diversity or socio-cultural differences. Even in the older times, diversity has always been a barrier for most of students. I had my own share of difficulty when it comes to the issue of socio-cultural differences. I have experienced being avoided in debates whenever I attempted to join. Being a person having a different skin color and language makes it difficult to be accepted by the majority. However, being different among the majority has challenged me to break the barriers that impede me from achieving my goals. I know that there are thousands who had experienced and is experiencing what I have been through. As such, I am inspired to make ways on eliminating diversity that hinders other students from pursuing their dreams. Meanwhile, school is considered as the second home of students. Hence, schools should be made as a place for freedom regardless of race, culture, gender, age, and socio-economic status. Another problem that is plaguing the education system is commercialization. Education has been said to be a right of every individual. However, as educational fees continue to increase, the burden to the poor is becoming heavier because the value is making it difficult for the poor to afford. Hence, education is becoming a privilege for the rich. Furthermore, the continued commercialization of education is affecting the quality of education because of competition among schools. At the same time, commercialization deviate the labor market and creates labor shifting. This happens especially when schools offer short courses when the employment demands for graduate courses. Education, as such, is one of the necessities for us to be able to achieve our dreams. A student goes to school to be educated so that someday he will have the employment he has desired for. However, the real situation would merely disappoint the student. It is of no doubt that the technological innovation has affected the drastic change in labor demand. In addition, the nation is also highly industrialized. Hence, the labor offered are those related to technology and industry. This fact puts the students of social sciences in a disadvantaged position because they have a narrower chance of employment in a highly technical and industrialized society. It has been said that education is the window to a student’s dream. Thus, the curriculum should correspond to the need of the society and at the same time aid in the fulfillment of the student’s dream.

M10 Organizational Change Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

M10 Organizational Change Paper - Assignment Example Community coalition is particularly identified as crucial in garnering support for policies seeking to promote improved health and health behavioral changes among the community members. According to Smith, Johnson, Lamson and Sitaker (2006), the success of policies and environmental change initiatives driven by public health practitioners is influenced by several factors including community collaboration, sufficient support or endorsement by community leaders or decision makers and inclusion of actions or activities aimed at benefiting the community as a whole. On the other hand, realization of community collaboration and support is depended on several issues including development of trust, values and norms to guide the collaboration, and effective exploitation of existing social networks to establish impeccable social relationships (Smith, Johnson, Lamson & Sitaker, 2006). Public health practitioners must strive to work closely with the community members at the various levels in order to realize their roles in promoting and upholding improved community health. The need for community collaboration in the development and implementation of community policy has been demonstrated through attempts by the Washington State Department of Health (DOH) to address community health problems such as obesity and overweight through both community based and state policies. Evaluation of community-based health policies initiated by DOH among the Moses Lake and Mount Vernon communities reveals that there is need for enhanced community collaboration in the implementation of such policies (Smith, Johnson, Lamson & Sitaker, 2006). Minority communities such as Hispanics were significantly misrepresented in committees involved in the development and implementation of health policies affecting the communities. The community health group model is identified as crucial to public health practitioners because application of

How advertising may shift purchases between firms and industries Dissertation

How advertising may shift purchases between firms and industries - Dissertation Example persuasive advertising was conceptualised to modify, alter and twist consumers’ tastes. It warps the information that consumers receive, sometimes confusing them or worse, misleading them, making it very hard for them to make informed choices. As it is, basic consumer theory is founded on utility functions, and utility itself is characterised as the satisfaction drawn from the ownership of consumption goods and services. These goods are essential as they gratify the needs and wants of the individual. These physical and psychological needs are known as â€Å"preferences,† and these are believed to be given and to change slowly over time. Persuasive advertising is aimed at affecting and modifying consumers’ preferences. Economic literature is equally divided on the informative or persuasive nature of advertising. Marshall calls it, constructive advertising that is, these are â€Å"measures designed to draw attention to opportunities for buying and selling† and combative advertising which, according to Marshall, involves social wastes. The conventional notion of advertising exemplified in the writings of Kaldor, Bain, Galbraith, and Comanor and Wilson is predisposed to a negative stance of its expediency. The whole contention is that advertising plays a role in bending consumer preferences, whereby consumers are convinced and influenced to buy products that are heavily promoted, in consequence, there exist the exploitation of market power by charging higher prices for branded products.

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assignment - Essay Example The AYP must also have its basis on assessments by the state, as well as one additional indicator of academic performance. The objectives also need to be set out with the aim of having all learners gaining at least a proficiency level in the next twelve years, i.e., by the 2013-2014 academic year (Olivert 43). The adequate yearly progress objective also need to be evaluated at the school level, with schools failing to meet the laid down objectives for two years in a row being marked for improvement. The AYP results for the mentioned special groups of children need to be reported as a separate entity, in order to determine whether the student groups were able to meet their objectives for AYP. In addition, at least ninety-five percent of every group needs to participate in these statewide assessments. Finally, states can aggregate their data for up to three years in their determination of AYP. It requires that the states provide for teachers who are highly qualified for all students. E very state also sets its specific standards as to what can be referred to as highly qualified teachers (Olivert 44). The act also requires that states set each of its students one challenging and high standard, although, the curriculum standards need to be applied to all students instead of having varying standards for various students in different areas of the state or other states all together. The Act requires that schools allow military recruiters get contacts for students unless the student does not want to grant access to these recruiters. States also regard this Act as an unfunded mandate because the Act’s main provision requires schools to give standardized tests for the entire state when the year ends (Olivert 69). If schools fail to show any significant improvement in these tests from one year to the subsequent year, they are asked to improve the quality of education that thy offer. This is through hiring highly qualified teachers and providing for private tutoring for the failing students. To continue being the recipients of federal assistance, the states will have to provide plans that show steps being taken to improve education quality in their schools. The Act mandates states to provide funds for the needed improvements and, thereafter, provide appropriate training for the teachers deemed as less qualified (Olivert 69). What are the federal rules regarding Medicaid? How is most Medicaid funding spent? How have states coped with rapid escalation in medical costs? In order to fulfill the statutory purpose of Medicaid in the provision of medical assistance to specific individuals and to participate in the program, all states are required to cover low-income core group individuals (Iritani 34). The minimum eligibility groups have expanded incrementally over time, especially to include pregnant women and children, disabled individuals, the elderly, and parents up to the income levels specified. Another rule requires that the ACA is inclusive of maintenance of effort requirement that keeps CHIP and Medicaid coverage stable until reform expands coverage. The federal government also requires that enrollees to be provided, with a core set of benefits that are mandatory and specific cost sharing protections in order to participate in this program. In addition, the states are largely in charge of determining provider payments within the limits of federal requirements. The federal government requires payments to be consistent with access, quality, economy,

Interdisciplinary Curriculum Unit Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Interdisciplinary Curriculum Unit - Assignment Example enabled me to appreciate the interdependencies that exists between living organism on the universe and their importance in the environment in which we live. This study has enabled the appreciation of the need to the adoption of certain lifestyles for healthy living conditions for living organisms. I am motivated by the enormous knowledge that I have gathered in the course of my research work. During this process I managed to learn more about the living organisms’ interrelationships and their duties in the environmental sustainability (Anderson, 2001). I acquired much important knowledge on the study of human body particularly the cell membrane and its components. However, my research work did not cover the entirety of the human body organs and their functions and as such; I intend to carry on with my research on that section of study. As a teacher, I believe that such firsthand information will impact positively in my career as a biology teacher. This will enable me to impact my students with analytical skills useful in the study of biology. This study has enabled me to acquire the knowledge of making materials more salient. This has helped to create opportunities for research at an appropriate level which will help me teach on research more competently. With this experience, I managed to adopt and create a molecular evolution lab for teaching the DNA sequential data (Benjamin, 2002). This study has also enabled the integration to parallel disciplines associated with independent learning like reading literature, data evaluation and concepts, logic associated with trouble shooting, and synthesis of conclusions. This has enabled the development in key areas interrelated to the study such as the literature in science and use of mathematical models in the analysis of findings, as well as history through the inquiry (Benjamin, 2002). The subject matter in this integrated curriculum unit will enable in the development of professionals in the field of science. These

Numerical Precision Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Numerical Precision - Research Paper Example In order to be concerned with the right resulting solution, Goldberg (1991) asserts that we must consider the memory and the running time of the computer. This issue is further worsened because a lot of computer algorithms add approximations to house discrete computer. Goldberg (1991) adds that Java uses a small unit of IEEE 754 binary floating point standard to signify floating point numbers and explain the results of arithmetic operations. He says that a float is signified by 32 bits and that each mixture of possible bits signify an actual number, meaning that 232 possible real figures can be signified even though there are a lot of markedly actual numbers. IEEE standards do use the inner picture same as scientific code but in binary rather than base 10. This shelters a range from +/-1.40129846432481707e-45 to around +/-3.40282346638528860e+3 and with about 6 or 7 important decimal digits, plus or minus infinity as well as not a number. The number contains ‘s’ denoting plus or minus, 8 bits for advocate ’e’ and then 23 bits for a mantissa ’M.’ Goldberg (1991) adds that the decimal number is represented by the formula given as, (-1)s * m * 2(e-127) , Where; Sign bit ‘s’ (bit 31), Exponent field ‘e’ (bits 30 - 23) and, Mantissa ‘m’ (22 - 0). Floating-point arithmetic is the famous method of representing real figures in the contemporary computers. Faking an immeasurable, real figures with the machine figures is not a job that is forthright, negotiations that are a bit ingenious must be found amid correctness, swiftness, the ease of using it, lively range as well as application and memory. I therefore argue that floating-point arithmetic along well chosen precision, radix or any other limit is a very good negotiation for a lot of numerical implementations. Good memory performance of CPUs is mostly around the locality of the orientation and this is the same with the GPUs though with se veral significant alterations. The figure below shows a comparison of memory performance of the GPU and CPU. Buck (2005) argues that it is the role of cache that gives the difference between the performance in memory of a GPU and that of a CPU. He adds that the cache in the GPU hurries filtering of surface and therefore they need to be so big as the size of the sieve kernel for the surface sampler hat is a little it tiny and being seeded computation. On he other hand, Buck (2005) vows that the GPU cache formats are enhanced for two sizes and are not wanted. This unlike to the Pentium 4 caches that works at a great clock rate with megabytes of statistics. Moreover, he Pentium 4 cache has the ability to read as well as written memory operations unlike GPU cache for read-only surface statistics. Binary Code Decimal is an example of binary indoctrination of decimal figures where every decimal factor is denoted by a secure number of bits, it is always four to eight. The main asset of Bin ary Coded Decimal is a more perfect picture and rounding of decimal units and make it informal for human-readable picture. It with an advantage that one decimal numeral can be signified by the use of

Cost Benefit Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9000 words

Cost Benefit Analysis - Essay Example [Refer to Appendix B] It was found, by the 1999 survey statistics in a table entitled "Extent of Flame Damage by Major Property Use, 1999, Structure Fire Reported to U.S. Fire Department" that in just the area of residential properties of only one and two family dwelling houses that: Table 6.2:Loss per Fire in One and Two-Family Dwellings, by Extent of Flame Damage Annual Average of 1989-1998 Structure Fire Reported to U.S. Fire Department [National estimates based on NFIRS and NFPA Survey] These are fires reported to the U S. municipal department and therefore exclude fire reported only to Federal or state agencies or industrial fire brigades. Fire in which the extent of flame damage was unknown or not reported have been allocated proportionately among fires with known extent of flame damage. Property damage figures have not been adjusted for inflation. Fires are rounded to the nearest ten and property damage is rounded to nearest hundred dollars. Sums may not equal total due rounding errors. There are defin There are definite cost benefits for properties that can be as a direct result of fire sprinkler installation, but, what is the cost benefit analysis with respect to saving lives The NFPA has kept statistics on large loss-of-life incidents for the last decade and has found that: NFPA has no record of a fire killing more than two people in a completely sprinklered building where the system was properly operating, except in an explosion or flash fire or where industrial fire brigade members or employees were killed during fire suppression operations. (NFPA, 2003) The following table shows that figure in a clearer scale: Table 6.1: Estimated Reduction in 1999 Civilian Death per Thousand Fires Due to Sprinklers, in Property Classes [National estimates based on 1999 NFIRS and NFPA Survey] Date reported in Version 4.1 as sprinkler status unknown was converted to no-sprinkler. It was necessary to use pre-1999 data to estimate what fraction of the 1999 fires coded as non-sprinkler really were no sprinkler. The conversion of data reported in Version 4 converted all fire where sprinklers operated to other/unclassified. It was necessary to use pre-1999 data to estimate what fraction of the 1999 fires coded as other operation were really sprinkler operated. These are fire .reported to U S. municipal fire department and so exclude fire reported only to Federal or state agencies or industrial fire brigades. Fire statistics do not include proportional shares of fires with sprinkler status unknown or unreported. Fires are estimated to the nearest hundred. Sums may not equal total due rounding errors. Total includes fires in properties without high occupancy, such manufacturing and storage properties. The NIST (National Institute of

Operations and Logistics Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Operations and Logistics Management - Essay Example Supply chain gap analysis is explained in the essay to analyse the problems faced by Tesco regarding SCM. The operational issues and the business functions of Tesco are evaluated throughout the essay with regard to supply chain. It has been consequently observed from the essay that the effectiveness of the business largely depends on a strong SCM along with the productive relationship amid the partners. The businesses around the world are inclined towards strengthening their supply chain management (SCM) in order to attain greater competitive traction. Supply chain is the cohesive activity that brings not only the product in the market place but also generates satisfied customers. SCM domain covers a wide range of activities in the functional area. In other words, SCM includes all the activities that are associated from the procurement of the raw materials to the production and transportation of the finished good to the end customer. The business in order to be effective and successful in the marketplace uses the SCM model to eliminate the wastage of time and effort with the aim to deliver he finished goods in timely manner to the end customers. The major assumption behind incorporation of SCM model is based on the belief that the sooner the products reach the customer the sales of the business will increase. The supply chain includes various channels such as the manufacturing, ope rational, transportation, warehousing and then physical distribution of the products. Supply chain is established by the company to create value for the stakeholders by providing required value to customer in the right time at the right place. In this regard, it can be stated that Tesco is effective in the market with wide customer base due to its low price products which has materialised primarily owing to its strong SCM (Beamon, 1998). Tesco Plc is one of the leading global retailers with various retail stores serving millions of

Porter’s 5 Forces Essay Example for Free

Porter’s 5 Forces Essay The fast food industry is one which affects many lives in Canada. The following is a Porter’s 5 Force’s analysis that will determine how attractive this industry is as a whole. To determine the threat of new entrants, one must first consider the barriers to entry. Firstly, the start-up costs associated with the fast food industry are relatively minute. This acts as a low barrier to entry. In this industry, the top four companies account for 37.4% of the total revenue. Although that is not a percentage of mind-changing significance, a business entering this industry must be able to uniquely establish itself with product differentiation. That being said, it is believed that the industry concentration is relatively low. Accordingly, high barriers to entry arise from government regulations, specifically including health and food service as well as occupational health and safety issues, along with a high amounts of competition within the fast food industry. Overall, the barriers to entry can be determined as low resulting in a high threat of new entrants. Next is establishing the power of the buyer. The fast food industry has been impacted by the decreasing demand for fried food and subsequently the increase for healthy options. This change in consumer trends along with a high variety of fast food places to choose from assume high power of the buyer. Secondly, it has been determined that the products sold in the fast food industry are luxury goods goods that are purchased more-so when  economic times are â€Å"good†. In turn, when economic times are â€Å"rough,† consumers will choose to eat less fast food and more home cooking. Overall, the power of the buyer within the fast food industry is high. Thirdly, the threat of substitutes must be determined. Substitutes for the fast food industry include grocery stores (i.e., eating home cooked meals), full-service restaurants (both single and multiple location based businesses), catering companies, food trucks, bars and night clubs. Due to the fact that the fast food indus try consumes a large portion of the food market, it can be concluded that there is a medium threat of substitutes. Examining the bargaining power of suppliers, one can look at two different groups, (1) large companies and (2) small companies. Large companies within the fast food industry include dominant players such as McDonald’s, Subway and Yum! Brands. Due to the large size and demand of these companies, they are relatively dependent on those suppliers who can meet their needs. For these companies, the bargaining power of suppliers is high. However, all other smaller companies are faced with many different suppliers that can meet their demand needs. The smaller companies are faced with low bargaining power of suppliers. All in all, one finds the total bargaining power of suppliers to be at a medium level. Lastly comes the examination of industry rivalry. The three leading companies that take up 33.1% of the market share include McDonald’s, Subway and Yum! Brands. Furthermore, within the market, the total number of companies is forecast to increase on average 1.5% per year to 17,039 in 2019. Overall, the dominant players along with the size of the industry lead to high industry rivalry. Based on the previous analysis and using a scale of 0-10 (0 being very unattractive and 10 being very attractive), the following scores can be determined: Threat of New Entrants = 3, Power of the Buyer = 4, Threat of Substitutes = 6, Bargaining Power of Suppliers = 5 and Industry Rivalry = 3. With an average score of 4.2, it is determined that the fast food industry is of medium attractiveness.

Facing the Giants focuses Essay Example for Free

Facing the Giants focuses Essay The movie entitled Facing the Giants focuses on the life and struggles of a high school football coach, Grant Taylor. It represents a life full of problems and difficulties but was able to overcome them all because of God’s power and intervention. It centers on the theme that with God all things are possible. it tells about what faith can do in times of difficulties. As a high school football coach his life circles around his team. His goal is to win the game but his team is always on the losing side. He pressures his team towards success but it would not come. He has friends and family to support him all the time. Later on he realizes that his relationship with God is not that deep and personal. He started to re commit his life to God. He started to build his faith and trust God for every details of his life. This also changes his communication techniques with his team. Using the EMC equation (identified need +intentional resourcing= enlarging the conversation) in the story, the coach identified the needs of his team and find ways to meet and provide this needs. He enlarges the conversation by not just talking about the game but also including God in the whole process. The coach build his teams confidence and provide all the trainings and at the same time talks about their spiritual life and right relationship with God. They started to have bible studies and become prayerful. Success in every areas of his life followed. Looking at the role of enlarging the conversational context, significant changes in their relationship occurs. It bridges the gaps and promotes understanding, trust and encouragement. The relationships expand and develop into more satisfying and enduring experience.

FTIR spectroscopy of SO2

FTIR spectroscopy of SO2 Abstract In this lab, the IR spectrum of SO2 gas was taken. The spectrum was then used to determine which peaks corresponded to the vibrational modes of SO2 ­. Once the modes had been determined, the experimental wavenumbers of the v1 and v3 modes and the overtones were used to determine the anharmonicity of the two different modes. While there was a difference between the two modes anharmonicity, overall there was not a significant difference. The modes and their corresponding wavenumbers were also used to calculate the force constants of SO2. The experimental data produced a force constant k1 with 3.112% error while the kÃŽ ´/l2 constant had a 2.963% error. Introductions IR spectroscopy is the detection of a transmittance or absorption intensity of change as a function of frequency1. In recent years, Fourier transform spectrometers replaced the traditional dispersive spectrometer because they are faster and more sensitive. They have made it possible to analyze many areas which were not possible with the dispersive spectrophotometer. The difference is the simultaneous examination of all frequencies. The three basic spectrometer components in a FT system are the radiation source, interferometer and detector. The radiation source in precision FTIR instruments is often water-cooled in give it more power and stability2. Figure 1. shows a diagram of the interferometer and the schematics of the spectrophotometer as a whole. The interferometer has the following three components: a moving mirror, fixed mirror, and a beamsplitter.. The beamsplitter is a semireflecting geranium thin film of small particles deposited on flat KBr substrate. Radiation from the broadband IR source is focused into the interferometer, and hits the beamsplitter. Once the beam hits the beam splitter, half of it is transmitted to the fixed mirror while the other half is transmitted to the moving mirror. The changing position of the moving mirror relative to the fixed one generates an interference pattern and causes the two beams to oscillate in and out of phase. When the beams are in phase, there is a constructive interference resulting in the maximum detector response. However, when the beam is out of phase, there is a deconstructive interference between the two beams. Once they have been reflected from both mirrors, they recombi ne at the beam splitter. The recombined beam passes through the sample and then focuses on the detector2. The intensity of the radiation hitting the detector will vary in a sinusoidal manner while the mirror is moving at constant velocity. The record of the interference signal is the interferogram and is a time domain spectrum. The detectors response changes versus time within the mirror scan are recorded. When a sample absorbs at a certain frequency, the amplitude of the sinusoidal wave reduces proportionally to the amount of sample in the beam. In an IR spectrophotometer, this process happens in three component frequencies, which creates a more complex interferogram2. To convert these interferogram recordings to the IR spectrum, a Fourier transformation is used. Small, precise intervals are used during the mirror scan. The rate of the sampling behavior is controlled by a monochromatic beam produced by a helium neon laser focused on a separate detector2. For this analysis, the mid IR spectrophotometer utilized a KBr beamsplitter and a mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) detector. MCT detectors are photon detector with a dependence on the quantum nature of radiation. They also exhibit very fast responses. They must be at a constant temperature of 77^(o)K, the temperature of liquid nitrogen. It is faster and more sensitive than the alternative detector, the deuterated triglycine sulfate (DTGS) 2, which was used for the far IR analysis. The cell used to hold the SO2 gas can be seen in Figure 2. A molecules energy can be split into three components: the electrons motion, the constituent atoms vibrations and the whole rotation of the molecule. While electronic transitions happen on a short timescale, rotational transitions happen on a longer time scale. When a molecule is placed in an electromagnetic field, such as light, energy from the light is transferred from the field to the molecule. This happens upon the satisfaction of Bohrs frequency condition: ΔE = hv When a molecule is excited from one state to another, the energy difference between the two states is absorbed by the molecule. When the molecule reverts back to the previous state, the change in energy which was absorbed upon excitation is then emitted1*. A molecule will be excited by photons which possess the appropriate energy3. Vibrational transitions are observed in the infrared (IR) spectra which are about the 103 ~ 104 cm-1 region. These transitions are caused by the vibration of the nuclei constituting the molecule. The rotational transitions occur at 1-103 cm-1 region, the microwave region, while the electronic transitions occur at 104-106 cm-1 region, the UV-visible region. As the vibrational quantum number v increases, the rotational intervals tend to decrease. The vibrational fine structure of electronic transitions can give insight to the structural and bonding information about molecules which are electronically excited1*. A system displaced from its equilibrium force will be restored due to a restoring force provided by the elasticity of the system. However, there is a property of inertia which causes the system to over correct for the displacement. The back and forth actions of elasticity and inertia cause the system to have oscillatory motion4. When the potential energy is graphed versus the internuclear separation, a perfect harmonic oscillator forms a parabola. The energy spacing in a harmonic oscillator does not change throughout the well of the parabola and is equal to hω where ω=km12 and the zero point energy is Eo= 12hω When a system is not a perfect harmonic oscillator, it is considered anharmonic. Anharmonicity forces the right side of the parabola to widen and asymptotically approach zero. The spaces between the permitted states are not evenly spaced as they were in the harmonic system5. The comparison of the two graphs can be seen if Figure 3. One of the possible ways to calculate xe, a term which shows the anharmonicity of a system is to graph ?G/? versus (?+1). This yields a graph with an equation as follows ΔGv=v+ 1xeve+ ve By dividing the xeve term by ve, the xe term is found. The larger this number, the more anharmonic the system is and vise versa5. Covalent bonds of molecules are not rigid as ball and stick models would suggest, but rather they can be compared to stiff springs which are capable of stretching and bending. More energy is required to stretch and compress a bond than it does to bend it. There is a direct relationship between the energy or frequency which characterizes the stretching vibration of a bond and the bond dissociation energy3. The major factors which are influencial in the stretching frequency of a covalent bond can be seen in the following equation: v = 12rck(m1+m2)m1+m2 where v is the frequency, k is the force constant, c is the speed of light, and m1 and m2 are the masses of the two atoms on each end of the bond. This equation corresponds to the rigidness of the oscillation. However, it should be noted that not all molecular vibrations are capable of being observed in the infrared region. In order to be seen in an IR spectrum, a vibration must cause a change in the dipole of a molecule. This change in charge distribution allows the molecule to absorb infrared light. There is a proportional relationship between the change in charge distribution and the absorption: the greater the change, the stronger the absorption3. All vibrating physical objects have a set of normal modes6. A normal mode can be defined as a simple harmonic oscillation which occurs about an area which is local and low in energy. The normal modes are determined by the systems structure R and its energy function V(R ). Any motion can be expressed as a superposition of normal modes when a pure harmonic V(R ) is being considered. However, the near minimum potential can still be approximated by a harmonic potential for an anharmonic V(R ). Also, small-amplitude motions can still be described by the sum of normal modes. This means that all systems behave harmonically at low temperatures7. For SO2, it is necessary to have nine Cartesian coordinates in order to determine the positions of all three nuclei. Therefore, the molecule is considered to have nine nuclear degrees of freedom. The first three are necessary to describe the position of the center of mass of the molecule. If these three degrees change, it represents the translational movement of the molecule in space. The next three degrees of freedom refer to the orientation of the molecule. These three degrees can be described as the angles of the molecule. If these three degrees change, then the molecule has rotated. The three remaining coordinates are those used to describe the relative positions of the three atoms. These are called vibrational coordinates8. To describe the vibrations of a bent trigonal molecule, it makes sense to use the valence coordinates. The valence coordinates consist of the two bond lengths and the bond angle. However, they do possess a drawback. If energy is put into a bond so that it stretches, to observe how the molecule reacts is difficult due to the energy put into the stretched bond quickly flowing into the vibrations of the other bond in the molecule. Because of this, it is said that the stretching of a single bond and other vibrational motions are coupled8. By varying the coordinates, which are the linear combinations of changes in the bond lengths and bond angles, a good uncoupled approximation can be made. These coordinates are called the normal coordinates. Motions which take place in these coordinates are appropriately called normal modes of vibration. The center of mass does not move in these coordinates8. A non symmetric molecule with N number of atoms will have 3N-6 normal modes. This means SO2 will have 3(3)-6 = 3 normal modes. The normal modes for SO2 can be seen in Figure 3. The symmetric stretch is labeled as v1, the bend is labeled v2, and the asymmetric stretch is labeled v3. When a molecule is exhibiting one of the vibrational modes, it travels the path indicated by the arrow, stops, and then returns back to its starting position8. It is possibly to express the three normal modes as a potential-energy function written in terms of bond stretching and angle bending as shown in the following equation: V = 12k1(R1-Re)2+ 12k1(R1-Re)2+ 12kb(ÃŽ ¸-ÃŽ ¸e)2 where R1 and R2 are the first and second bond length of S-O, Re is the equilibrium S-O bond length, ? is the bond angle of O-S-O, and ?e is the equilibrium value. The constants ks and kb ­ are for the stretching and bending respectively9 ­. Though the derivations are difficult, it was found that the following equations are derived from eq. (1) and are used to calculate both constants: 4r2v32 = 1+2momssin2ÃŽ ±k1mo 16r4v12v22 = 21+2momssin2k1moÃŽ ±kÃŽ ´l2 4r2v12+v22 = 1+2momscos2ÃŽ ±k1mo+2mo1+2momssin2ÃŽ ±kÃŽ ´l2 where v# is the wavenumber of that particular mode, 4?3 is expressed as 5. 8918E-5 in order to obtain units of Nm-1, mo is the mass of oxygen, ms is the mass of sulfur, ? is 59.75^(o), and k?/l2 is the same as the kb constant used in equation (6)10. Diatomic molecules possess only one vibrational coordinate which is quantized. This means that only specific results will be obtained for the value of the vibration. The quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator upon first approximation gives the allowed levels of a diatomic molecule. Polyatomic molecules are similar. Each normal mode has quantized energy, and can be approximated by the harmonic oscillator model when at low energy levels. The frequencies associated with bending tend to be lower than the frequencies associated with stretching10. It is possible to see normal modes via IR spectroscopy if they have a change in dipole in the molecule when it stretches or bends10. All of the normal modes in SO2 are IR active and therefore can all be seen in the IR spectrum at the fundamental frequency. It is possible to observe other weak bands in the spectrum which are a result of overtones. Overtones occur because anharmonicities. They usually happen at integer multiples of 2 or 3 of the fundamental frequencies and are caused by two modes being simultaneously excited10. These bands are located at frequencies which are approximately the sum or difference of the two modes which were excited and are weak10. Method About 1.5g of drierite was weighed out and placed in the barrel of a syringe and the plunger was inserted almost entirely into the barrel. A 3 cm piece of rubber tubing was attached to the tip of the syringe. A 1.5 g of sodium hydrogen sulfite was measured and placed in a vial cap that was small enough to fit into the syringe barrel. The filled vial cap was then into the syringe using a bent spatula to prevent the sodium hydrogen sulfite from spilling into the barrel. The plunger was pushed into the syringe as far as it would go. To ensure that none of the sodium hydrogen sulfite was spilled, the syringe was placed tip down in a beaker. The next step was placing 15 mL of 6 M HCl into a small beaker. All of the acid was then drawn into the syringe containing the vial cap very carefully as to not let any of the acid mix with the sodium hydrogen sulfite. The plastic lid was then screwed onto the syringe. Once the cap was secure on the tip, the syringe was shaken so that the acid and the sodium hydrogen sulfite mixed. As SO2 gas was being produced, the plunger on the syringe was pulled out simultaneously. The high pressure of the gas in the syringe caused the cap on the tip to leak so it was necessary to apply pressure to the tip to prevent it from spitting acid out. Once the reaction had stopped producing gas, the syringe was inverted so that the tip was pointing up and the liquid was at the bottom of the barrel. The cap was removed and the tip was connected to the other end of the rubber tubing attached to the syringe containing drierite. At this point the syringe containing drierite was above the syringe containing the SO2 gas. As the plunger in the bottom syringe was being pushed in, the plunger in the top syringe was being pulled out; making sure no liquid was pushed through the tubing and into the top syringe. The top syringe, now containing the SO2 gas, was capped and allowed to sit for five minutes in order for the drierite to dry the SO2 gas. The excess HCl in the reaction syringe was expelled into a waste beaker. 15 mL of NaOH was placed in a beaker and then drawn up into the syringe in order to destroy any remaining SO2. The NaOH was then also expelled into the waste beaker. After the syringe containing the gas had sat for five minutes, the IR gas cell was placed in the hood. The syringe containing the SO2 was then attached connected to the gas cell using another piece of rubber tubing. Both stopcocks on the gas cell were opened and the gas was pushed into the cell. Both stopcocks were then immediately closed to prevent any of the SO2 from leaking out. A spectrum in the range of 700-2500 cm-1 was obtained using an FTIR spectrophotometer. In order to get a good spectrum from the mid IR range, the cell was undiluted. However, to obtain a good spectrum in the far IR range, it was necessary to dilute the gas cell. Once the spectrum had been obtained, the gas cell was placed inside a fume hood. Both stopcocks were opened up and a syringe was used to flush air through the gas cell. The gas cell was then placed in a vacuum sealed dessicator with the stopcocks open in order to dry out any moisture that may have entered the cell during the experiment. Results The IR spectra of SO2 can be seen in Figure 5. By looking at what wavenumbers the peaks appeared at, it could be concluded which peak corresponded to each vibrational mode of SO2. The bending of a molecule happens at lower wavenumbers, so it was concluded that graph in the top right corner corresponds to the ?2 vibration. It was known from literature that the stretches occur somewhere between 1000 and 1500 cm-1 so the graph in the bottom right must correspond to the overtones of SO2s ?3 and ?1 modes. It is known that asymmetric stretches always correspond to higher wavenumbers. So it was concluded that the next two peaks on the spectrum were ?1 and ?3 respectively. The actual experimental wavelengths of each mode can be seen it Table 1. There are two overtones present, one from the ?1 mode and another from the ?3 mode. The lower frequency overtone corresponds to the lower-frequency mode. Thus the lowest overtone is that of ?1 while the second seen overtone comes from the ?2 mode. Using the experimental wavenumbers for each mode, both constants could be found using eq. (7) first to solve for k1. This values was calculated to be 1000.858 Nm-1. The litereature value is 1033 Nm-1 and the percent error in the experimental value was 3.112% The calculated value of k1 was then used in eq. (8) to find the k?/l3 constant. The second constant was calculated to be 78.60 Nm-1. Literature value for this constant is 81 Nm-1 and the percent error in the experimental calculation was 2.963%. To evaluate the effectiveness of this method for finding the constants, both sides of eq. (9) were solved for. The left side equaled 93.77 Nm-1 while the right side equaled 95.54 Nm-1. The percent difference between these two values is 1.85%. In order to determine the harmonicity of each of the modes of vibration, the ve and vexe values were calculated. This was done by graphing ?G/v versus (v + 1) in Microsoft Excel. The ?G corresponds to the wavenumber of the overtone seen on the IR spectrum. ?G was then divided by v. The overtones corresponded to v=2 while the normal mode bands corresponded to ?=1. Graphs for both the ?1 mode and ?2 mode can be seen in Figure 6. Excel was then used to fit a trend line and produce a y = mx + b equation for the data. The slope of the equation was vexe and the intercept was ve. To determine the anharmonicity of the two modes, it was necessary to solve for xe. This was done using eq (4). The calculated values for xe in the ?1 mode was 1.0612 and for the ?3 mode was 0.07891. This means that the ?1 mode is more anharmonic than the ?3 mode. Conclusion For this lab, SO2 ­ was prepared and then studied via FTIR spectroscopy. The three modes of SO2 were identified on the IR spectra obtained. It was determined that the lowest energy of bending correlated to the lowest frequency peak. The second highest frequency peak was determined to be ?1 since the symmetric stretch is lower in energy than the asymmetric stretch (?3) which is the third highest frequency peak. The wavelengths determined from the IR spectra were used to calculate the constants k1 and k?/l3. It was determined from the numbers crunched from eq. (6) that the used method of determining the constants was an accurate method. Also, the anharmonicity of the modes ?1 and ?2 were calculated and compared. The graph of ?G/vversus (v + 1) produce an equation of y = mx + b which provided the values of xeve and v ­e. These values were then used to find xe, which described the anharmonicity of each mode. The ?1 mode was found to be more anharmonic due to its greater xe value whil e the ?3 was found to be more harmonic. Refrences What is Infrared Spectroscopy?. (n.d.). Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts. Retrieved December 11, 2009, from http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~mlyount/MySites/ForensicSpectroscopy/WhatIsIR.html Nakamoto, Kazuo.Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds. Sixth Edition ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Sons, Inc., 2009. Print. Hsu, S. (n.d.). Infrared Spectroscopy. prenhall.com. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from www.prenhall.com/settle/chapters/ch15.pdf Chem.msu.edu. (n.d.). Nature of Vibrational Spectroscopy. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from 2http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/Spectrpy/InfraRed/irspec1.htm#ir1 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator. (n.d.). PAWS Personal Accessible Web Space Kettering University. Retrieved December 12, 2009, from http://paws.kettering.edu/~drussell/Demos/SHO/mass.html Atkins, P., Friedman, R., Paula, J. D. (2008). Rotational and Vibrational Spectra. Quanta, Matter and Change: A Molecular Appraoch to Physical Change (pp. 315-318). New York: W. H. Freeman. Normal mode Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved December 11, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_mode Normal Mode (Harmonic) Analysis. (n.d.). Center for Molecular Modeling. Retrieved December 11, 2009, from http://cmm.cit.nih.gov/intro_simulation/node26.html Vibrational Spectroscopy. (n.d.). med.upenn.edu. Retrieved December 10, 2009, from www.med.upenn.edu/bmbgrad/Faculty/Master_List/Vanderkooi/course_notes/8.vibrational.pdf Sulfer Dioxide Vibration. (n.d.). d.umn.edu. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from www.d.umn.edu/~psiders/courses/chem4644/labinstructions/SO2spartan.pdf Infrared Spectroscopy of SO2. (n.d.). Spectroscopy and Structure Chem 4591. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from 3http://www.colorado.edu/chemistry/chem4581_91/SO2.pdf

The Role of Fashion Promotion Within the Fashion Industry Essay

The Role of Fashion Promotion Within the Fashion Industry I am going to write about what the role of fashion promotion is within the fashion industry and discuss how it might develop in the next five years. To do this I shall review what fashion promotion is by defining it and finding out how, when and where it started. To understand what fashion promotion really is in a contemporary context I shall broadly look at how it is used and what many forms it has taken since the beginning up until the present day. To look at how fashion promotion may develop in the next five years I shall analyse and critique specific examples in more detail, such as finding out how these specific types of fashion promotions are used, by whom and for what purposes. I shall discuss the benefits and shortcomings and compare and contrast the examples to extract the implications of their usage. It is difficult to predict fashion's future but researching its history and development, identifying reasons why and how things have happened to make it what it is today, and analysing the pace at which it is developing, will help us to think about and envisage where fashion may progress in the next five years. Designers and manufacturers design and produce garments; promoters and communicators then deal with the next steps, such as: image concept or brand to either an audience or market. The Oxford English Dictionary states that fashion is "a popular trend, especially in dress" and "the production and marketing of new styles of clothing and cosmetics." It states that promotion is an "activity that supports or encourages", "the publicizing of a product or celebrity", "(promotions) the activity or business of organizing such publicity" and "elevation to a hig... ...ning what is happening today culturally, socially and economically. By applying our research, we can improve our forecasts of what may happen next in fashion promotion but there is much greater variability in the factors affecting fashion trends today, which makes prediction even more difficult. The usual measures do not necessarily suggest the next fashion styles. This allows more extreme fashion to become more main stream as fashion buyers will take greater risks to surprise the competition in the hope of establishing a new order through strong brand differentiation. Bibliography The Times. Fairtrade seeks  £50m for expansion, Sarah Butler, 24/02/07) The Oxford English Dictionary Bruzzi S. & Church Gibson P. (eds). 2000. P.96 H.Radner (2000) in S.Bruzzi & P.Church Gibson Fashion Cultures: Theories, Explorations & Analysis, London: Routledge, pp. 128-134)

gatdream Blurry Dreams in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays

Blurry Dreams in The Great Gatsby The American Dream is a path people set out upon in order to achieve a goal, usually pertaining to the acquirement of stability and security. The dreams of these people were followed through with strong hope and perseverance. Yet, during the period of the 1920's, this dream was obstructed by the need for materialistic power. Scott Fitzgerald portrays this destruction of the American Dream through the main character, Jay Gatsby, in his novel The Great Gatsby. Gatsby longs to rekindle a past romance with his love Daisy Buchanan, but this dream is obliterated by his greed of wanting more of something he never could have. Jay Gatsby destroys the chance of living a normal, healthy life when he decides that he must reach an unattainable goal, having Daisy as his wife. Yet, Gatsby hadn't always lived his life as a man in search of an abundance of what was presented to him. This is made apparent in the end of the novel at his own funeral, when Gatsby's father, Mr.Gatz, presents Nick Carraway, the narrator of the novel with a keepsake from Gatsby's childhood. The object is a journal of resolves that Gatsby had listed for himself to accomplish. Most of these goals were in reach of accomplishment, making it very capable of Gatsby to achieve his aspirations without fail. Mr. Gatz, marveling at the ambition Gatsby held for himself, "read each item aloud and then look[ed] eagerly at me. I think he rather expected me to copy down the list for my own use" (182). This statement shows how Mr. Gatz does believe in his son's old dreams of trying to better himself as a person. This goal, with work, see med attainable and most likely to happen, but a stronger outside force of money pushed Gatsby in another direction. Gatsby's early goals of manner and such seemed picayune in a society run by wealth and materialistic power. Therefore, in order to survive in this society, he changed himself from a man born under the poor family name James Gatz, to the falsely commended Jay Gatsby. His drive to succeed in the world was so strong that Gatsby went through illegal measures of bootlegging.

News Events in Television History :: essays papers

News Events in Television History News Events in the History of TV In chronicling the past 50 years of television, the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences includes many clips from historical events that were carried on television. Including these news events is appropriate to the history of television because the advent of this technology brought the nation and world together in times of tragedy and joy via the 'global village' created by this medium. The events that changed our world also changed the world of television. It can be argued that it is not necessary to include world events when discussing the history of television, simply because they were not created for television, but television created programming to include it, but this is a narrow-minded view of the medium that is television. The fact that the entire world was able to be brought together and be educated about world news at the same time was a revolutionary thing. Rather than television changing the course of human events, human events changed the direction in which television programming was headed. Prior to television, people found out about happenings through word of mouth, or newspapers at best. This new media source brought a sense of immediacy to current events. The inclusion of the assassination of John F. Kennedy in the montage from the Emmy awards shows a critical turning point in television news. Prior to this event, news on television was not as important to citizens because nothing so monumental had been broadcast that affected as many people. This changed the basis of television news from small, local, everyday events, to coverage of worldwide occurrences that had a deep impact on everyone. Some may argue that these news events should not have been included in such a short montage of the history of television. Clips from such events as the Vietnam War and the crash of the space shuttle Challenger were not part of television. They were part of the military history and NASA, respectively. Simply because they were broadcast on television does not make them part of television history. Television began as an entertainment medium, and continues to entertain as a primary function. The broadcast of news events is part of television, but should not be considered so important as to be included in such a compact history.

Household Behavior and Consumer Choice Essay

Issues of household behavior and consumer choices, lie in the field of microeconomics. Microeconomics, sometimes called the price theory is a branch of economics that concerns itself with the study of how households, individuals, and firms make their own private decisions on how to allocate scarce resources. In this research paper, I will seek to apply economic theories and mostly the consumer theory to analyze these decisions and their effects on consumption, interests and wages. ANALYSIS: DEFINITIONS: HOUSEHOLD BEHAVIOR: Household behavior is principally viewed and analyzed as the theory of consumer demand of various commodities or generally household consumption. In addition to this household behavior also concerns itself with production of commodities or services and the supply of labor by households. Consumer demand on the other hand concerns itself with how demand functions for various commodities are derived. This derivation is done considering the rational choice model based on utility maximization. In this analysis, economic constraints like budgets, income and commodity prices are considered for specific households. The consumer theory studies the issue of household likes and preferences applying indifference curves as well as budget constraints and relates these preferences to consumes demand curves. There are many economic variables that are used in the analysis of these preferences. Among the major variables, include the price per unit of a certain good and the money incomes of the specific consumers. A change in the price of a good usually has two major effects. Firstly, there is the substitution effect and secondly there is the income effect. The substitution effect usually arises from the relative change in prices of consumer goods. On the other hand, the income effect arises from changes in the purchasing power of the available money wage or income. The diagram below depicts the relationship between consumer demand and prices through indifference curves given budget constraints. When the price of good Y increases, the budget line will shift from BC2 to BC1. This is because when the price of good y increases households will buy less of the good but they will still buy the same quantity of good X as long as they wish. In order to maximize his or her utility the consumer will have to move from indifference curve I2 to I1. By doing this the consumer will be able to enjoy his/her preferences as normal. Incase the price of commodity Y decreases the budget line or the budget constraint will move from BC1 to BC2. This is because the consumer will now be able to purchase more of commodity y while at the same time enjoying the same amount of good X. in the same case, the consumer in order to maximize his/her utility will move from indifference curve I1 to I2. The same scenario will be applicable for price changes of good X. The income effect: The income effect is depicted in the diagram below. An increase or decrease of the consumer’s disposable income will cause a parallel shift of the consumer’s budget constraint. An increase in the disposable income will cause the budget constraint to shift to the right while a decrease in the income will cause the budget constraint to shift to the left. This applies for normal goods since the indifference curves will react differently for inferior goods and Giffen goods (goods with a snob appeal). For inferior goods as the income increases, less of the commodity will be consumed. This is because the increased income will cause the consumers to seek higher or better goods. For Giffen goods as the income, increases the amount of goods purchased may either increase or remain the same. Generally, the effects can be summed up to the substitution effect and the income effect. The substitution effect usually is a price change that affects the slope of the budget line (constraint), but leaves the consumer on the same equilibrium indifference curve. In cases where the good in question is a normal good then the price effect will outweigh the substitution effect, but in cases where the good is an inferior good then the substitution effect will outweigh the price effect. Leisure-labor tradeoff: The time that any consumer has to allocate for different purposes is called time endowment. The price of leisure is analyzed using the consumer theory, with some slight adjustments. In this case, leisure is assumed to be a good and consumption is considered to be another good. Since consumers have scarce and finite time then they will have to choose between leisure, which earns no money, and consumption of labor that earns an income. Regardless of this trade off the change in the unit price of leisure will have a huge effect on the working time since a reduction or an increase in the price of labor will lead to less work and more work respectively. Wage and interest rates: Wages can be analyzed both as a cause and as effect of consumer behavior. They are a cause in the sense that as wages increase so does the consumption of households increase. On the other hand, wages can be viewed as an effect of consumption behavior since they are indirectly determined by the consumer price index. Both real and nominal interest rates are affected by consumer behaviors. Depending on the liquidity within the economy, the consumption behavior of households can cause an increase or decrease in the level of interest rates. Conclusion: Many variables that are dealt with in microeconomics usually have an indirect effect in the field of macroeconomics. The determination of the national income do consider the value that households contribute either in the form of consumption or services that they render. In addition to this, the level of inflation is also slightly affected by the consumption and expenditure behaviors of the households. Consumer theory plays a very important role in explaining household behaviors. However, the field of macroeconomics also needs to be keenly looked at since it deals with economic aggregates. References: Mankiw, N. G. (2004), Principles of economics (3rd Ed. ), Chicago, ILLIOIS: Thomson South-Western McWilliams Gary. Analyzing Customers†¦ the wall street journal,Monday, November 8, 2004. Available at:http://online. wsj. com/article/SB109986994931767086. html Philip Hardwick (1982), an Introduction to Modern Economics, Longman, U. K

Hiv In Manipur India Health And Social Care Essay

Despite the fact that HIV/AIDS has become a serious public wellness job in Manipur for the last decennaries impacting people of all societal groups, the cognition and understanding degree of the general population is frequently marred by misconceptions taking to the marginalisation of HIV/AIDs and PLHAs. This article is based on prolong fieldwork carried out in two territories of Manipur viz ; Imphal and Chandel in the twelvemonth 2008 with the purpose to measure cognition and understanding degree of the general population sing HIV/AIDS, their attitude towards PLHAs ; and to unearth the myth, belief and patterns related to HIV/AIDS which might exposed them to HIV infection. A sum of 200 respondents i.e. 100 respondents from each territory dwelling of equal figure of male and female from the general population were interviewed for the intent. Knowledge, attitude, behaviour, and pattern towards HIV/AIDS in Manipur, India: a cross sectional survey. HIV/AIDS has spread like wildfire since its first sensing in 1981and has claimed 1000000s of lives across the universe. Harmonizing to the UNAID study, there were 33 million people populating with HIV, 2.7 million people were freshly infected with HIV and 2.0 million people died of AIDS in the twelvemonth 2007 alone ( UNAID study, 2007 ) . The spread of HIV/AIDS continues to intensify with every passing twelvemonth despite attempts to control it by the states across the continents. AIDS continues to be one of the slayer diseases of the twenty-first century without any remedy so far. It knows no societal, gender, caste and geographical boundary thereby impacting people from all walks of life: immature and old, rich and hapless, male and female, and cutting across different states of the universe. In India, HIV/AIDS has become one of the most ambitious public wellness jobs. The first HIV/AIDS instance in India was detected in 1986 at CMC, Vellore, from blood samples taken from commercial sex workers in Madras. Since so, it has spread heterogeneously and steadily to all the other States and Union districts. India is now, the 3rd largest HIV/AIDS affected state in the universe and remains the largest in Asia ( NACO, 2007 ) . The entire figure of people populating with HIV/AIDS ( PLHAs ) in India in 2007 was estimated to be 2.31 million ( 1.8-2.9 million ) . Out of this, 39 % of PLHAs are estimated to be females ( Technical brief, NACO, 2007 ) . Heterosexual is still the prevailing manner of HIV transmittal in India. However, the transmittal form of HIV in India is uneven with southern provinces describing more of heterosexual transmittal than the northern provinces. In the north eastern provinces, it is a combination of both shooting drug users and unprotected sex. Six provinces in India reported high HIV prevalence of more than 1 % among female parents go toing ante-natal clinic. Manipur is one such six provinces besides Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Nagaland. With barely 0.2 % of the state ‘s entire population, yet lending about 8 % of India ‘s entire HIV positive instances, AIDS has emerged as a new and serious public wellness exigency in Manipur. Though the major transmittal path in Manipur still remains through shooting drug users ( IDUs ‘ ) , sexual transmittal is non far behind. A recent one-year lookout surveillance study ( NACO, 2006 ) revealed that HIV prevalence among IDUs has well come down over the old ages but Manipur still has HIV prevalence of IDUs ‘ above 10 % . The rapid addition in HIV transmittal through insecure sex in the province in recent times is extremely refering. The prevalence of HIV among female sex workers ( FSW ) in Manipur is 13.07 % , following merely to Maharashtra ( 17.9 % ) and among work forces holding sex with work forces ( MSM ) is 16.4 % . ( HIV sentinel surveillance/technical brief, NACO ) . Vertical transmittal of HIV infection from hubby to get married monogamous married woman in Manipur is deriving impulse over the last few old ages with a study of more than 1 % prevalence of HIV among female parents go toing prenatal clinic. HIV/AIDS is progressively acute every bed of societal strata making even to the remotest country in Manipur. Negi K.S et.al ( 2006 ) in their survey observed that most of the persons in community do non hold correct and complete information about HIV/AIDS and its bar. The latest study of Manipur State AIDS Control Society ( MSACS ) revealed that Manipur has 40,000 HIV positive reported instances among the general population. HIV/AIDS has therefore, go a serious public wellness job in Manipur, impacting people from all societal strata. Therefore, maintaining the widespread job of HIV in head, the present survey has been planned to measure the cognition and apprehension of the general population sing HIV/AIDS, their attitude towards PLHAs † ; and to unearth the myth, belief and patterns related to HIV/AIDS which might expose them to HIV infection.Material and methods:This was a cross-section and experimental survey carried out in two territories of Manipur viz Chandel and Imphal from June 2008 till mid-November 2008. A sum of 200 respondents consisting of 100 respondents each from two sub-divisions i. vitamin E Lamphelpat in Imphal West and Chandel in Chandel territories, were contacted in their place and interviewed. The respondents who were at least 18 old ages of age and above were indiscriminately selected and interviewed after taking their informed consent. Equal Numberss of male and female respondents from both the territories were selected for the intent. A pre-tested questionnaire consisting of points on socio-demographic background, cognition, attitude, behaviour and pattern of HIV/AIDS was used for roll uping informations from each of the respondents. The interview though, based on the questionnaire was a combination of closed and open-ended, and the interview was carried out in free flowing mode where respondents revealed beyond what is being asked. This was supplemented by participant observation. Imphal is the capital metropolis of Manipur and lies at the bosom of the province. It is a commercial and official hub of the province. There are different communities populating in Imphal, the majority of which is constituted by the Meitei community followed by Muslims, different tribal groups, and non-Manipuri migrators. Imphal territory being the capital metropolis holds an border over other territories and has the best wellness attention installations available in the province. Besides that, it is besides place to many apex authorities and non-government offices including assorted NGOs ‘ working for the public assistance of HIV/AIDS in the province. It besides has an border over other territories in footings of substructure, conveyance and communicating, educational establishments, etc. Imphal is divided into two districts-east and west. The country of the survey was in located in Lamphelpat sub-division of Imphal-west territory. This sub-division is the most thickly popula ted country ( 2001 nose count ) in Imphal West. Majority of the people in Lamphelpat follow Hinduism, Muslim, Meitei Sanamahi and Christianity. Another country of the survey is Chandel territory, situated on the southern portion of Manipur 64km off from Imphal metropolis. It is inhabited by scheduled folks preponderantly belonging to the Naga cultural group followed by folks belonging to Kuki/Zou cultural groups. There is besides a minor population of non-tribal communities belonging to Meitei, Muslim and non-Manipuri migrators. The field survey was carried out in the territory headquarter of Chandel sub-division where the survey population comprises of different Naga folk. Christianity is the dominant faith practiced among the tribal population of Chandel sub-division.Datas analysis:Data was entered in SPSS-Pc version 11.5/15 ( Check ) . Data was expressed in per centums and comparings between the groups were done utilizing Chi-square trial. Unpaired't ‘ trial was performed for happening out differences between groups for quantitative variables. ‘p ‘ value less than 0.05 was considered important.Consequenc esDemographic profile of the survey population:A sum of 200 respondents from both Imphal and Chandel territories were interviewed utilizing the framed KABP questionnaires. There were 100 respondents from each of the territory consisting of 50 male and 50 female. The respondents in Chandel belonged to the tribal population of the Nagas while that of Imphal belonged to the Meiteis. The respondents belonging to different age groups were maximal for: 18-30 ( 45.5 % ) , 31-40 ( 29 % ) , 41-50 ( 16 % ) , 51-60 97 % ) and 61-above ( 2.5 % ) in falling order. In footings of matrimonial position, the respondents comprises largely of married work forces ( 54 % ) and adult female ( 61 % ) , followed by single work forces ( 44 % ) and adult females ( 34 % ) . The educational position of the respondents in Imphal countries largely studied till secondary ( 33 % ) or up to alumnuss ( 33 % ) while in Chandel, most of the respondents studied till secondary ( 30 ) . Gender wise, male respondents were found to be more educated than female. At least 39 % respondents in Chandel were either illiterate or have primary instruction as against 5 % respondents in Imphal. Overall, most respondents studied till secondary ( 31.5 ) followed by alumnuss ( 29 % ) . In footings of business, bulk of the respondents were unemployed ( 28 % ) . Majority of female respondents were housewife ( 21.5 % ) . Employment position of the respondents was seen to be more ( 17 % ) in Imphal than in Chandel ( 7 % ) . Most of the respondents in Imphal comprise of unemployed ( 32 % ) , followed by those employed ( 17 % ) while in Chandel, homemaker ( 29 % ) and pupils ( 26 % ) constitute the majority of the respondents. With regard to faith, 71 % respondents in Imphal follow Hinduism, 25 % Meitei Sanamahi, 3 % Christianity and 1 % other faith. As compared to this, all the respondents in Chandel follow Christianity.Findingss:Cognition: From the survey, it was found that except for one respondent from Chandel, all the other respondents in both the survey countries have heard of AIDS. On farther question about what AIDS disease was, bulk of them could non give correct reply. Merely 5 % respondents in Imphal and 6 % respondents in Chandel gave right reply to this. Male respondents ( 8 % ) were somewhat knowing about what AIDS disease was than female respondents ( 3 % ) . With regard to the inquiry on what is HIV? 17 % respondents in Imphal gave right reply as against 22 % right reply in Chandel. Gender wise, the figure of male respondents ( 32 % ) with right response was extremely important ( p & lt ; 0.000 ) than female respondents ( 7 % ) . 57 % respondents from Imphal and 47 % respondents in Chandel knew about the difference between HIV and AIDS. A important difference ( p & lt ; 0.001 ) was observed between the two genders as male respondents ( 65 % ) who gave right response was significantly higher than female respondents ( 39 % ) . Sing the etiology of HIV/AIDS, bulk of the respondents from both the countries i.e. 69.5 % were knowing about the causative agent for HIV. The staying figure of respondents had misconceptions. A important difference of P & lt ; .020 and ( P & lt ; .006 ) was observed in Imphal and Chandel severally in this facet. Sing the manner of HIV/AIDS transmittal, bulk of the respondents i.e. & gt ; 90 % from Imphal and Chandel had right cognition about it when it concerns agitating custodies, infected blood transfusion, sharing towels, unprotected sex, coughing/sneezing, and sharing septic acerate leaf. & gt ; 75 % had right cognition on mosquito bite, kissing/hugging, and infected female parent to child. A important difference of P & lt ; 0.022 was noted in Imphal with regard to sharing of towels while in Chandel, a important difference of P & lt ; 0.001, P & lt ; 0.005, P & lt ; 0.001 was observed with regard to mosquito bite, sharing of towels, and kissing/hugging severally. The response on the cognition of common symptoms of HIV/AIDS was met with 93 % and 87 % respondents mentioning weight loss and loss of complexion/appetite as the most common symptoms severally of PLHAs. Respondents besides considered fever/cough ( 79 % ) , diarrhoea ( 74.5 % ) , OI like T.B/cancer ( 74 % ) , roseola on the tegument ( 73 % ) and swelling in inguens ( 71 % ) in falling orders as other symptoms of PLHAs. On the beginnings of information on HIV/AIDS, bulk of the respondents i.e. & gt ; 90 % from Imphal country have mass media like Television ( local channel ) , wireless, newspaper ; street dramas, as their chief beginning. Another, 72-88 % reported NGOs ‘ , and a negligible 18-4 % reported church as their chief beginnings of information. No important difference was observed in imphal. In contrast, Chandel reported high per centum i.e. a†°?84 % of respondents acquiring information from church, and NGOs. A important difference of response i.e P & lt ; 0.037, P & lt ; 0.002, P & lt ; 0.001 and p & lt ; 0.013 in the beginnings of information was noted in wireless, telecasting, newspaper and NGOs.Attitude:The survey found that bulk of the respondents from both the survey countries i.e. 53.3 % were strongly in favour of the attitudinal statements that HIV/AIDS is a penalty of God for bad behaviour. A important difference ( p & lt ; 0.012 ) was observed in Chandel as female respon dents ( 68 % ) were extremely in favour of the statement than their male opposite numbers ( 42 % ) . 83.5 % and 91.5 % respondents besides considered HIV/AIDS as a job chiefly associated with immoral behaviour and shooting drug users ( IDU ) severally. No important difference was observed in the above statements. Respondents ( 71.5 % ) besides opine that PLHA should non acquire married. A important difference P & lt ; 0.005 was observed in chandel with regard to this response. A humongous 94.5 % besides expressed their concern for compulsory HIV proving prior to marriage while 85 % respondents voiced the demand for separate wellness Centre for PLHAs. 46.5 % respondents said PLHAs should be isolated to forestall farther transmittal while 46 % respondents said they would non wish to mix with PLHAs. A important difference of P & lt ; 0.047 and 0.002 severally was noted in the above statements in chandel. 67.5 % respondents besides said they would experience ashamed if they were infected with HIV/AIDS and 39.5 % respondents agreed that PLHAs should non be operated for any surgical job. A important difference with regard to these statements was seen at P & lt ; 0.023 and p & lt ; 0.002 severally among male and female respondents of chandel. As respects to pre-marital sex, merely mere 16 % respondents had no issue while the bulks were non in favour of it. There was a important difference of P & lt ; 0.040 in the response among male and female respondents in chandel. 76.5 % respondents strongly believed that PLHAs are destined to decease Oklahoman or subsequently. No important difference was observed in both the two survey sites. However, when it comes to learning school kids about safer sex, whacking 96.5 % respondents agreed to it with no important difference seen in the response in both the two survey country. Sing corporate duty of the society to care for PLHAs, 84 % respondents were in favour of it. However, a important difference of P & lt ; 0.006 was noted merely in respondents of chandel. Behaviors and Practices: The general mean age for the oncoming of sex was 23.37A ±5.73. However, it was noted that respondents in Chandel ( 20.21A ±4.08 ) had earlier onset of sexual intercourse than those in Imphal ( 27.36A ±4.99 ) . Out of 200 respondents, a sum of 113 respondents responded to this inquiry of age at first sexual brush. Education was found to be straight relative to the oncoming of sex. Less educated respondents had earlier onset of sex than those educated 1s. The mean for age at matrimony was 25.51A ±5.64 and instruction was found to hold some influence on the age of matrimony every bit good. Less educated respondents marry earlier than those educated 1s. A important difference was observed in the age of matrimony among female respondents from Chandel as the induction of matrimony begins every bit early as the age of 14 ( 20.42A ±41 ) . From the analysis, it was found that few or more respondents were found to hold hazardous behaviour susceptible to HIV infection. 7.5 % respondents admitted holding been exposed to blood transfusion for assorted medical jobs. 41 % said their organic structures have been injured by crisp objects such as blade/knife. The response to the latter statement was favourably high in chandel & gt ; 53 % . However, no important difference was observed. Negligible male respondents i.e. 3.5 % revealed to hold used opprobrious drugs such as intoxicant, diacetylmorphine, drugs, etc. No female was found utilizing opprobrious drugs. 62 % admitted being physically involved with their spouse i.e. either with partner of non-regular sexual spouse. Here, a important difference of P & lt ; 0.002 was observed in imphal with more male acknowledging to it. Another 10.5 % consisting largely of male respondents were found to be indulging in sex with non-regular spouse. A important difference of P & lt ; 0.018 in imphal and P & lt ; 0.001 in chandel was observed. With regard to utilize of rubber in sex either with regular ( partner ) or non-regular sexual spouses, 18.5 % respondents said they used it systematically. In chandel, a important difference of P & lt ; 0.004 was noted with male respondents utilizing rubber in sex. 17 % respondents of the married twosome used household planning of any signifier. 40.5 % respondents consisting largely of male respondents said they have attended awareness camps/programmes on HIV/AIDS. A important difference of P & lt ; 0.014 and p & lt ; 0.011 in imphal and chandel severally, was observed. It was besides noted that 34 % respondents had done HIV proving at least one time in their life. Another 39 % respondents showed their willingness to travel for HIV proving if necessary. More male respondents were seen to demo willingness to travel for HIV proving. A important difference was observed in both the survey countries i.e. P & lt ; 0.007 in chandel and P & lt ; 0.035 in chandel. Another 28 % respondents said they would delegate specific utensils if anyone in their household was infected with the virus. No important difference was seen here. 16 % respondents besides admit that people do insult/tease people with the virus. A important difference of P & lt ; 0.001 was observed as really less female respondents in chandel admit to PLHAs being teased/insulted. Another 50.5 % besides said spiritual places are usually denied to PLHAs which is considered baronial place. The response from female respondents was more and a really high important difference of P & lt ; 0.000 was observed between the two genders in chandel.Discussion:The present survey revealed that though all the respondents heard about AIDS, many of them did non cognize what AIDS precisely was. For most respondents, AIDS was normally synonymous with sexual promiscuousness, immoral behaviour and shooting drug users. This belief was chiefly propounded by the fact that most PLHAs † in the survey cou ntries were believed to be associated with at least one of the above characters. Similar findings were reported by Viser MJ et.al, 2006 ; Smith DJ. 2004. When it comes to HIV, really few respondents had right cognition about it despite the fact that AIDS has become a ‘dining table talk ‘ . Out of the few respondents that have right cognition on HIV, male respondents were more. This may be due to the fact that the overall educational position of male respondents was somewhat higher than their female opposite numbers. The other ground could be because male members of the society are more outgoing, hence are more updated about their societal environment through media beginnings like newspaper and magazines. Majority of the respondents besides could non province the difference between HIV and AIDS. It was interesting to observe that some respondents had wholly different impression approximately HIV as a separate disease non related to AIDS at all. Many of them were still incognizant of the term HIV when used in isolation from AIDS. It was found that HIV and AIDS were frequently times used together without truly understanding the difference between the two. Respondents from Imphal were found to hold somewhat better cognition about HIV than respondents from Chandel. This could be due to the fact that unlike respondents from Imphal, respondents in Chandel had less or no entree to media such as newspapers, local channel, and street dramas, etc whereby HIV/AIDS instruction is given out at regular intervals. Sing the manner of HIV/AIDS transmittal, bulk of the respondents had right cognition about it particularly refering to the four primary manner of transmittal i.e. through insecure sexual contact, blood transfusion, sharing septic syringe and female parent to child transmittal. However, few respondents had misconceptions when it comes to transmission through mosquito bite, agitating custodies, sharing towel, coughing or sneeze, and kissing/hugging. These misconceptions is chiefly to make with the false beliefs that HIV/AIDS is transmitted through any blood merchandise and organic structure fluids ( workout suits ) and as such anything that makes direct contact with the blood as in the instance of mosquito or organic structure fluid is considered hazardous. Therefore, there is pressing necessity to sensitise decently the general population about the right manner of HIV/AIDS transmittal. Similar findings in the line of deficiency of proper sensitization/education on HIV/AIDS taking to m isconceptions, was besides reported by Hartwig K.A et.al 2006. As was observed in the analysis, many of the respondents from chandel particularly female respondents tend to trust on information obtained from local chitchats, which are frequently times marred by hyperboles and misconceptions responsible for stigmatisation and favoritism of PLHAs and the disease HIV/AIDS. The misconceptions refering to HIV/AIDS was closely related to the ways through which information about the disease is obtained. Respondents from Imphal had mass media like local channel ( T.V ) , and newspaper, etc as their chief beginning of information whereby HIV/AIDS instruction is given out by dependable beginnings whereas, in Chandel, media function was negligible. This could be explained on the footing of unavailability to local channel ( T.V ) and newspaper. In Chandel where cent per centum of the respondents are Christians, church act as one of the major beginnings for distributing information/knowledge on HIV/AIDS. It was found during participant observation that non all church leaders were decently trained nor good equipped with information on HIV/AIDS yet many of the church leaders did non waver to reprobate HIV/AIDS as a shameful, ugly and fatal disease fated to bechance upon promiscuous and immoral individual in the society. So, church members were encouraged to patter n abstention from sex boulder clay matrimony and be in sync with the scriptural moral rule so as to avoid HIV/AIDS disease. This could be one of the grounds why stigmatisation of PLHAs was more terrible in Chandel than in imphal. It is besides interesting to observe that female members of the society in both the survey country were found to be ‘social witting ‘ i.e. what society thinks and were more prone to take part in and trust on local chitchats which is largely influenced by ‘socio-cultural feelings ‘ than medical truth. Therefore, it is non surprising that more figure of female respondents had scruples on HIV/AIDS and stigmatisation towards PLHAs. Another interesting thing to note was in the manner how people perceived PLHAs. Knowledge on the symptoms of HIV/AIDS patients revealed that many of the respondents considered loss of weight and skin color, organic structure roseola, etc as the major symptoms of HIV/AIDS. This cognition purportedly comes from the cultural belief that most PLHAs in the survey country physically exhibit such symptoms. However, lost of weight and skin color is non medically sole to PLHAs and as such, if non decently sensitized on this, it will take to the incorrect premise that anybody with weight lost or skin color who may non needfully be infected with HIV/AIDS have a strong potency, if non already, to be stereotyped and marginalized as PLHAs † . Data besides shows that a monolithic figure of respondents still see HIV/AIDS as immoral disease or diseases of shooting drug users. A big figure of respondents from chandel besides considered HIV/AIDS as penalty of God for ‘bad ‘ behaviour. This belief as analyzed was chiefly influenced by which HIV/AIDS is transmitted i.e. through insecure sex and sharing of septic panpipes. It may be mentioned here that sexual promiscuousness and shooting drug users are culturally viewed in the society as ‘fallen ‘ or ‘immoral ‘ individual in both the survey country and as such, anybody practising any of the said behaviour are by and large considered immoral and therefore, stigmatized. This could be one of the chief grounds why HIV/AIDS is extremely stigmatized since it is believed to be largely associated with people of low morality or whose moral characters are questionable in the society. Notwithstanding the fact that many guiltless female PLHAs may acquire i nfected through their partner or some could hold been infected through inadvertent blood transfusion, PLHAs are by and large regarded as ‘wayward ‘ in the eyes of the society and as such, are stigmatized. The other grounds stated for HIV/AIDS being considered as the most stigmatized disease is besides because of the nature in which PLHAs, at an advanced phase of the disease, died an ugly decease, physically looking awfully haggard with skeletal like build and complete loss of one ‘s natural skin color and medically, from multiple timeserving infections. However, the physical perceptual experience may non ever be true for all PLHAs. Another noteworthy observation made in both the society was refering to the prevalence of gender disparity when it comes to morality and promiscuousness. Culturally, sexual promiscuousness and ‘immoral behaviour ‘ such as drug and intoxicant maltreatment, or waywardness are tabooed yet society tends to be more tolerant towards male members than female. It is an unfastened secret for male members in the society to be accepted more readily than female despite go againsting unsanctioned societal norms. This explains why many of the female respondents expressed that they would experience abashed if infected with HIV/AIDS, a disease symbolic of immoral behaviour. This determination is in conformance with the findings of Smith DJ, 2004. A disagreement between cognition and behavior/practice of the people towards PLHA was besides observed. Though most respondents demuring few were cognizant about the primary manner of HIV/AIDS transmittal, they admitted to hold maintained some distance or reserve in mixing with PLHAs despite cognizing good that making so will in no manner put them at hazards. Gray LA and Marle S, 1991 reported similar observations. This could likely be a instance of utmost cultural stigmatisation of PLHAs in general whereby common people fear the stigma of being stereotyped by tie ining with PLHAs. Respondents besides expressed the feeling that PLHAs should hold separate wellness Centre on the land that it will be safer for both the infected and non-infected population as they could non swear the instruments of wellness attention Centre to be to the full safe from HIV infection. Majority of the respondents besides viewed that PLHAs should neither acquire married nor have kids as making so will merely increased the figure of PLHAs who in all chance will merely populate to endure and died a agonizing decease. However, few people were of the position that every bit long as PLHAs marry amongst themselves, that should non be a job. Since HIV/AIDS is a extremely stigmatized disease ; bulk of the respondents expressed the demand for mandatory HIV proving between twosomes prior to marriage so as to avoid a day of reckoning hereafter as was put in by many respondents. This is because of the belief that HIV/AIDS is a catching and an incurable disease which when infected will invalid and shorten the life span of the individual concern. As one respondent said â€Å" one time you get infected with HIV/AIDS, it is for supports and you can non run off from it instead you ‘ll decease with and by it † . The stigmatisation towards PLHAs is besides revealed in that the general populations tend to hold negatively preconceived impression about anyone infected with HIV/AIDS even if that individual happens to be morally well behaved. Despite holding negative perceptual experiences about HIV/AIDS, when it comes to corporate duty of the people towards PLHAs, bulk of the respondents from both the countries expressed their sense of taking duty to care for PLHAs. However, the cogency of this statement may non defy societal stigma as disagreement between cognition and pattern has been discussed in old statements. One of the grounds for having such duty could be due to the humanist side of adult male underlining other negative feelings. The humane nature is highlighted farther when the respondents said PLHAs should seek medical aid at the earliest with a cautiousness that all patients seeking surgery should be exhaustively tested for HIV/AIDS. Prenuptial or extra-marital sex was non favored by many and more so in Imphal. Respondents in Imphal were somewhat more reserved about sex than those from Chandel. In Imphal country, prenuptial and adulterous sex was seen more as societal tabu while in Chandel it was more to make with the misdemeanor of scriptural moral rule besides it being considered socio-cultural tabu as good. Few respondents largely male, had impersonal position on this, stating it was a affair of personal pick. It may besides be mentioned here that by and large people have reserves about discoursing sex and gender in the unfastened or in public because of the cultural upbringing whereby treatment of sex or gender is confined to or between married twosome. A survey by Goyal RC, et al 1994 ; Hartwig KA et.al, 2006 besides reported similar findings on the reserve of openly discoursing sex and gender. Another interesting characteristic noted in this survey was the induction of sex for both male and female and the age at matrimony. The overall average age for the induction of sex was 23.37A ±5.73 old ages. The overall average age at matrimony observed in the survey was 23.04A ±5.22 and 28.65A ±4.52 old ages for both female and male severally. The average age at matrimony in the survey site was found to be above the legal age at matrimony in India which is 18 for female and 20 one for male. Here, instruction is seen to play an of import function in detaining induction of sex and age at matrimony. A important difference was observed in the age at matrimony among female respondents from Chandel where the induction of matrimony begins every bit early as the age of 14 ( average 20.42A ±4.1 old ages ) . This may be because female respondents largely in-between age in Chandel had small or no instruction at all. Besides instruction, cultural upbringing is besides seen to hold indir ect impact on the age at matrimony. The patriarchal construction of the society in both the survey country is such that male members of the household are given penchants over female in any affairs as it is through male line that coevals of the household is continued. Analysis of sexual behaviour and patterns besides revealed that most of the respondents who do non see themselves at being hazard to HIV infection were in fact, practising hazardous sexual behaviour. Quite a figure of respondents admitted practising insecure sex within and outside matrimony. Though, sexual relation outside matrimony is a socio-cultural tabu, yet it is non purely upheld. Theoretically and culturally, bulk of respondents were non in favour of sexual relation outside of matrimony. However, during the survey, it was found that such cultural apprehension of sexual tabu did non truly forestall some of them from indulging into it as was admitted by few respondents. The sexual behaviors/practices of male respondents were at higher hazard for HIV infection than female respondents. This could be due to the prevalence of gender disparity in the societal set up whereby society is more tolerant towards male promiscuousness and immoral behaviour than that of female. As such, femal e respondents from both the country were more reserved for the obvious fright of shame and incurring stigma. Therefore, none of the female respondents from Imphal admitted to hold indulged in extra-marital matter while in Chandel, a negligible figure of them reluctantly admitted indulging to it after initial equivocation. Male respondents were relatively found to be more blunt and unfastened about their indulgence in sexual relationships in and outside of matrimony. For those respondents who admitted to hold engaged in ‘tabooed ‘ sexual relation, really less figure of them admitted utilizing rubber systematically. Here, it may be noted that despite many of them accepting rubber as a good option for safer sex, it is non being used systematically on the land that rubbers do non give full sexual satisfaction. The ground given to explicate was that culturally ; rubber is stigmatized and is considered meant for sexually promiscuous people. Condoms are besides believed to hold inauspicious consequence on adult females wellness and as such usage of it, in most cases is sooner ruled out. In instance of married twosome, usage of rubber is considered non a necessity as the socio-cultural significance of matrimony is for the intent of reproduction and sexual fulfilment. Therefore, usage of rubber is merely taken as blockading the really intent of matrimony. This is one of the grounds why some respondents who admitted of fall backing to househol d planning preferable preventive pills. A survey carried out in rural Lebanon by Kulczycki A, 2004, reported similar findings on the usage of rubber and the stigma attached to it. It was besides observed that some of the participants had undergone blood transfusion for either medical or surgical grounds, increasing the opportunities of HIV transmittal. Many respondents were willing to accept PLHAs and even take duty for them but this is contradicted by the admittance that they would non needfully desire PLHAs to be neither a resource individual for any socio-religious event nor a spiritual figure in the society because harmonizing to the local people, a spiritual figure should be person whose moral character does non offend the normative moral Torahs of the society whereas in the instance of PLHAs, their moral character is ever questioned and as such can non keep a spiritual place unless the individual in inquiry unfeignedly repents and take a repentant, reform life. Decision: From the analysis of the present survey, it can be concluded that false socio-cultural impression of HIV/AIDS as a morally corrupting disease is taking precedency over medical facts, taking later to stigmatisation and favoritism of PLHAs in the society. The survey revealed that although bulk of the respondents have high cognition about the four primary manner of HIV/AIDS transmittal, such cognition are frequently times marred by socio-cultural misconceptions. It can besides be inferred that behaviour of the people are greatly influenced by cultural beliefs instead than by medical facts. Therefore, incompatibility is observed between high cognition about the four primary paths by which HIV/AIDS is transmitted on one manus and high negative attitude towards PLHAs on the other manus. Local chitchats which are largely diluted with cultural misconceptions act as the fastest medium for the extension of intelligence on HIV/AIDS. Church elders/leaders particularly in chandel have s trong influenced on people ‘s attitude towards PLHAs. This could be one of the grounds why despite attempts from NGOs to educate people on HIV/AIDS, the disease is fast distributing in the survey country. Therefore, proper sensitisation of the people about HIV/AIDS along the socio-cultural line is the demand of the hr in order to take several misconceptions which are responsible for the marginalisation of PLHAs. It is besides suggested that spiritual leaders should be given particular attending when sing of leaving proper instruction on HIV/AIDS in order that their influence on people may chase away cultural misconceptions taking to stigmatisation of HIV/AIDS. The survey besides may reason that stigmatisation of the disease was one of the root causes for the spread of HIV/AIDS in the country as fright of societal stigma and shame have discouraged many PLHAs to come out in the unfastened about their position thereby jeopardizing others in the procedure as such PLHAs continued to take a normal sexual life.Recognition:This research is financed by UGC under the strategy of Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship for ST/SC pupils to prosecute M.Phil/Ph.DaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aË †Â ¦aˆÂ ¦..